What does it mean to have a canon in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Essay

What does it mean to have a canon in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - Essay Example is in this context that in all the religions, canons are considered to be monotheistic, containing messages directing towards the supreme power, the Almighty God and put stress on the moral responsibilities of human beings to emphasize its consequences on the Judgment Day. As canons are considered to be the depiction of different ideologies and principles of different religions, it is likely that the approaches detailed in the canons of Judaism, Christianity and Islam will also possess certain variances1. Canon, in Judaism, reflects the scripture of Torah of Moses, detailing on the period before the birth of the Christ. The Jewish canon stresses on the belief that Moses was the one who got enlightened by the commandments of God, as depicted in the Jewish Bible. Jewish canon procures 10 books, which is however less than the Canon of Septuagint Greek. To be noted in this regards, in the canon of Judaism, 24 books give similar information to that presented in the 39 books of the Old Testaments of Christianity2. The Jewish canon is divided in three sections of Torah, Prophets and Writings. As similar to any other culture, canon in Judaism also holds considerable significance to its followers. As often noted, it is considered as the â€Å"Book of Beginnings† in Judaism, which apparently portrays its theological meaning in the religion3. Argumentatively, the orientation of canon in Christianity is much complex and multidimensional as compared to other religions. At the onset, it is divided into two sections, i.e. the Old Testament canon and the New Testament canon4. It is in this context that the inclusion of various books of Old Testament canon in other religions, such as in Samaritanism and Judaism, has led to many disputes among the believers. However, the New Testament is considered to hold a significant difference in noting the beliefs of Christianity as differing from that of the other religions5. Irrespective of such differences, it is noteworthy that the canon

Modern World Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Modern World Theories - Essay Example justice would be most required. Thus, such an effort is made in this discussion to comprehend three of the most prominent theories of the modern world. As a first step, let us understand them in their popular definitions to initiate the discussion. Liberalism, as opposed to Marxism and Neo-Conservatism, is a "political theory founded on the natural goodness of humans and the autonomy of the individual and favouring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority [and] An economic theory in favour of laissez-faire, the free market, and the gold standard" (Liberalism. 2008). Now, to understand another major modern theory, Marxism can be well defined as the "political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in which the concept of class struggle plays a central role in understanding society's allegedly inevitable development from bourgeois oppression under capitalism to a socialist and ultimately classless society" (Marxism. 2008). Another major political philosophy that came out, mainly in the US, as a rejection of social liberalism and the New Left movements is the Neo- Conservatism which is difficult to be defined, yet may be understood as one that "refers to the political goals and ideology of the "new conservatives" in the United States, characterized by hawkish views on foreign policy and a lesser emphasis on social issues and minimal government than other strains of American conservatism" (Definition: Neoconservatism (United States). 2007). Now, to have a comprehensive idea of these philosophies, let us discuss them in detail. Liberalism In critical perspective, Liberalism, as opposed by the other political, cultural, social and economic theories of consideration, may be put in a high status in the modern context as it ensures maximum individual freedom in the democratic way of governments. Various characteristic features of the theory may be considered in favour of Liberalism. Among them the notable ones are the emphasis on individual freedom, opposition to the government regulation through the advocacy of free market, importance on the liberal government, democracy, and civil rights and the equality of opportunity to the individual. There so many values, elements, institutions, and other characteristics that buttress the great role of Liberalism. One of the primary considerations among them is its perspectives on human nature. Liberalism, in its radical social form, has been the champion of human liberty and all its perspectives of human being concentrated on this ultimate concept of the liberals. Human beings, when they are adult, mature persons to enjoy the freedom and selection of things most suiting their growth and progress, were allowed the freedom without the intervention of the government. Unlike the classical liberals who consider the individuals as able to assume the ways of developing their life, modern liberals cling to the idea about human nature "that we are basically moved by impersonal forces and have no capacity to initiate any improvements in our lives. Any such improvement has to come from the outside, and government, with its concentrated and massive coercive power, is the most promising candidate to bring about such improvement"

Indian watch industry

Indian watch industry Indian Watch industry is estimated to be around 1600 crores and Titan is riding on top of it with a market share of over 50%.This is a super brand that has changed the way we look at ( or wear) watches. A marketing success story, Titan is a brand that will be of interest to most of the marketers. Titan , a brand from TATA was launched in 1987. During that time Indian watch market was dominated by HMT . At that time watches were seldom stylish and was catering to the basic need of knowing the time. Titan changed all that. With its stylish watches and smart advertising ,Titan took the market by storm. Titan infact changed the way watches was manufactured and marketed in India.HMT , a public sector company seldom bothered to respond. Titan initially pioneered the concept of Gifting watches. The ads captured the essence of gifting and along with the trendy music, easily caught the imagination of the market.Customers who were fed up with ugly time machines welcomed the brand and Titan had a dream run for many years. Titan faced lot of problems later when the competition began to eat up the lower end of the market. Besides that, there was another problem. The brand was lacking innovation. To be more precise, the customers were bored by Titan.There was nothing new. Gifting proposition was no longer working . During this period, Titan made a big mistake. It wanted to play the volume game. For that Titan launched another brand Sonata. Sonata was a huge success because it was a cheap product but at the cost of the mother brand Titan. Titan was perceived to be a premium brand but with Sonata ( at that time Sonata from Titan) endorsed by Titan took away the premium image from the mother brand. It was a big costly mistake. Titan realised this mistake and took away the Titan brand from Sonata. Now Sonata is endorsed by Tata not Titan. Titan realising that the market wanted something to be excited about watches began an extensive marketing campaign. Titan carefully segmented the market and developed different subbrands for each segment. Sub brands like Edge, Steel, Dash, Nebula , Classique, Royale, Fast Track , Raga, and the recently launched Wallstreet . By having various products / models and subbrands, Titan was able to create freshness about the brand. Titan also moved away from gifting . Titan was positioning itself as a fashion accessory rather than a time keeping device.Titan also found its persona in Aamir. Aamir provided the much needed edge to the brand. Titan was careful in keeping the brand above the celebrity.The ads were fresh and neatly executed. Titan also was pushing another strategy . Watches was perceived as a one time buy and consumers seldom owned multiple watches. So Titan pushed the concept of Matching Watches to Clothes in the recent commercials. Since men are becoming more serious customers of fashion accessories, this is strategy that is worth trying out. For Titan, even if the concept fails, It has created the much needed freshness in the brand.Titan also made its presence in the ladies watch segment. It have a sub brand Raga targeting the upwardly Mobilee ladies in the premium segment. Titan also relaunched the FastTrack brand of watched aiming the target segment of 18-30 yrs old. Earlier Fasttrack was targeted at 20-25 year olds and positioned along the line Cool watches from Titan. Then the company found out that the youth in the age group of 11-20 years account for 42% of watch buying in India. Based on this insight the company relaunched the brand lowering the target segment to 18-30 year olds with the baseline How many you have?. Again the strategy aimed at promoting the multiple watch owning concept. Fasttrack also launched a range of fashion accessories like Sunglasses trying to be a lifestyle brand. Indian watch market is clearly segmented and lot of serious players are fighting out in these segments . The lower volume segment has HMT, Sonata , Maxima fighting it out. The mid segment has Titan, Timex etc and the premium segment has Titan ,Citizen etc. The super premium segment is also hotting up with lot of international brands setting shops in India. Titan has carefully created a market for itself through careful segmentation and branding strategies.It is a brand that showed the world that Indians are good in Branding.

Anton Chekhovs and Joyce Oates The Lady with the Dog Essay -- Compar

Though the similarities and differences of characterization in Chekhov and Oates’s different versions of â€Å"The Lady with the Pet Dog† are evident, the purpose only becomes clear for the reader when the two versions are read and compared. The stories have different settings, but the characters in the story remain the same. There is Anna, Dmitry, and their families. Although their families are mentioned, each member remains without any description and therefore they begin to seem almost unimportant. Both Anton Chekhov and Joyce Oates chose to tell the story using a third-person narrator. This is one of the most important aspects of the characterization because if other characters were allowed to appear more within either story, the reader would have more than likely had a different view of their affair. For example, if Oates had allowed the reader to know Anna’s husband more intimately and definitely if the reader could read his thoughts, we may have seen the affair as dirty. We only see him trying to make love to her in an almost impersonal way. They never really cominicate, and his love for her is never shown with in the story, so the reader has no real reason to sympathize with him. Instead, Anna’s guilt seems sufficient, and her desire to be else where allows the reader to feels sorry for her and the fact that this love is what she perceives as her fate, we give her the sympathy and no longer see this affair as necessarily wrong. Chekhov uses this same type persuasi...

Racism and Gender Essay

Explore the intersection of racism and gender in contemporary Australia. In a place particularly like Australia recognised to be a multicultural country, ‘gender’ is targeted in race particular aspects and ‘race’ is experienced in gendered forms. This paper will elaborate on the intersection of racism and gender when both come into play as well as the role it presents in Australia of today’s society. Many literature discussions would imply that racism and gender fit in completely different categories from the other but as some authors argue, there are interconnections between the two. Elaboration of how racism is a form of discrimination is one circumstance and gender is another will be discussed throughout the paper in which it will highlight how both cases can be seen to bring a higher force of discrimination. Authors such as Pettman, Waters and Crooks look into the studies of gender and racism to find the pervasive influence on people of all background in contemporary Australia. Through studies of gender & racism, women in particular have been seen as usually marginal or invisible in society. Some writers illiterate on the experience of immigration and multiculturalism women confront while others would focus on women’s experience of the Second World War and their migration to Australia. In relation to power, gender could be displayed in different locations in accordance to being constituted (Pettman, 1991 pp. 53). Gender has often been bypassed to being a natural thing, therefore they are presumed to be vital in human thoughts. Pettman establishes the role of gender by highlighting the cultural differences within a male and female in the categories of masculinity and femininity in which what seems to be the most socially appropriate to society’s norms. She raises the questions, how minority women experience racism; and the ways different women face sexism? Pettman states that ‘Racism and sexism, even where connected, do not operate alone, but articulate and are articulated through structures of power in society’ (pp. 54). Although it is primarily stated that gender is more of a socially constructed term it is not biological, as ‘sex’ would be a more of a scientific term to it. While sex refers to more of physical attributes individuals hold, gender differences are by no extent categorised along with sex as both bear different connotations. In a community such as Australia, Women who are of non-Caucasian backgrounds and Indigenous Australian are shown to be highly disadvantaged when it comes to relations of poverty, employment, security and homing. Following the society of Aboriginals and migration of non-Caucasians to Australia, Pettman analyses the notion of the relations of gender prior to this. Passing throughout forms of social inequity, Non-Caucasians as well as Indigenous Australian are underrepresented in which interactions experienced in this case are multi-dimensional. Pettman emphasizes that ‘the rules, roles and practices are often fair towards them at many circumstances but are primarily in favor of dominant social interests’ (1991 pp. 6). In demonstrating that there is a racial construction for women in particular of ‘Indigenous’ background, they are treated differently especially when it comes to the caretaking of their own children. Mahoney points this out as being relevant to the ‘stolen generation’ in its analysis where it states that in Australia, it would be acceptable in the racial discourse that Caucasian women make better mothers for the children of ‘Indigenous’ background rather than the Indigenous mothers themselves (1997 pp. 91). Since the invasion affecting Aboriginal women, she argues its importance how social practice is taken into accordance in the examination of whiteness. With ‘Asians’ being present in Australia, they are not contradicted to being included as ‘Australian’ but rather their identity is more noted to be of an ‘outsider’ (pp. 294). The demonstration of women and racism illustrates the difference in subjectivity, experience, social relations and identity in women of contemporary Australia as a general notion. Women face sexism in a general context, but with the addition of racism, women of coloured and Indigenous Australian has a higher jeopardy of fronting discrimination and disadvantages through their experience. Pettman argues that ‘the notion of tradition Indigenous culture and society give justification for protection towards women and children of Indigenous background’ (1992, pp. 66). She details how Aboriginal women especially face certain dangers and are more vulnerable violence with connections to Australia’s a colinisation. Although both Indigenous and coloured women experience discrimination, they face significantly different circumstances of discrimination. Pettman implies how women of coloured (migrant women) experience many difficulties in employment in the work field with a disadvantage to people of Caucasian background (1992, pp. 60). In favor of who experiences the most racism, it is depicted that people of Asian and Muslim background experience higher levels of discrimination than most. In terms of experiencing racism, women of different culture face significantly different discriminations with accordance to their culture and background along with stereotypes. They generally had a higher level of unemployment and the concentration of them securing a job fits along the categories of low income jobs with poor and dangerous working conditions (pp. 61). Men may also experience sexism as it does not always favour the woman’s side every time. This may be because women have always been seen as the lesser and marginal class as compared to the men who are seen as the ‘alpha’ and the dominant leaders in society as Mahoney argues (1994, pp. 290). For example, a more dominant group of women can over empower a man whom is seen as the minority in which sexism coverts and attacks the man in this situation. Sexism not only displays a course of individual attitude but also is built into many social institutes but generally as a basis, it is often used in relation to the discrimination against the women in the term of patriarchy. This ranges things to the likes of gender stereotype where the characteristics and behavior of men and women as well and transgender all intervene with one another. A gender stereotype is a term utilized in which it elaborates the way ‘men and women should behave in a certain manner according to what society sees as the right thing or the wrong thing’ (Mahoney, 1994, pp. 291). The presence of men according to the relations of men is highly dominated by them in all societies. The domination of men is known as patriarchy where women are represented in a marginal level. McIntosh emphasizes the connotation of ‘White Privilege and Male Privilege’ stating that ‘whites are carefully taught not to recognize privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege’ (1997 pp. 291). With these ideas, it illustrates that the scuffle of women’s dealings with sexism and patriarchy further intricate the awareness of these conditions leading to the reconceptualisation of gender. Upon analyzing the data of racism and gender, there are many significant statistics which reflect upon women in ontemporary Australia. Woman compared to men are more disadvantage when it comes to employment in the workforce of labor as well as domestic sphere. Women tend to fill in the role of ‘mother’ which affects the outcome of their search for job employment. Men are capable of filling in the role of many job aspects which range from labor work to domestic sphere, where women are less likely to find a suiting job to labor and move t o areas of teaching, nursing and social services. Holmes states that ‘woman on an average basis earn 65% of what men would earn which leaves a gap difference of 35% between them’ as reported scientifically (2010 c. 11). Apart from men being filled in many jobs of labor employment, they are more geared towards the scientific and engineering areas, jobs that technically portray a higher wage income than those of social services in general where women are more inclined towards (c. 11). Pettman distributes the idea that ‘the â€Å"intersectionality† searches to seize the structural and dynamic magnitudes of both the basis collaboration of two or more forms of relating to discriminations or system of subordination’ (Pettman, 1992, pp. 70). She states consequently that in the way the manner is addressed, racism, patriarchy and economic disadvantages to name a few including many others all contribute in constructing layers of inequity positioning where men and women stand as well as other racial groups (pp. 70). Through Intersectionality, the recognition and connection of identity, particular races and gender are taken notice of. On an intersectional approach, asserts that look onto identity are considered indivisible aspects and also when speaking of gender and race it is taken into hand that the two subjects conjoined together establish a whole new subject to be discussed (pp. 72). Although it has always been looked passed that gender and race have always been distinguished as their own subject, nobody takes notice of what it could bring towards society if the two were to intervene and combine. The two elements of these topics picks weak points as well as the discriminations held against them into a different level of discrimination where women are targeted not only in the favor of sexism but also taking note of their background, beliefs and nationality individually (pp. 72). Theories of sexism and racism are brought up as a discussion topic in general as a kind of oppression and in a way they are compared to one another. In this circumstance, Pettman argues how ‘class, gender and ethnicity overlap each other’ (Pettman, 1992, pp. 57). In examining the connection between gender and racism, she notes how it puts a bigger emphasis upon institutional racism illustrating how it could do things such as drawing away the focus of the individual’s feelings and actions distributing it to social resources instead. Although institutional racism is solely based on rules, roles and practices, they more so favor the more dominant groups social interests which does not make it fair even though the idea of them sound fair (pp. 57). This comes directly towards multicultural groups whose interests are ideas are lesser as compared to more dominant groups such as the white society. This places a feel where institutionalized racism is more of a multidimensional and is comprised through communication with other sources relating to social inequity throughout contemporary Australia operating unofficially usually not in favor of rhetoric and authorized government laws (pp. 58). Through not only experiencing racism and sexism, this could escalate and lead to many further issues that are outside the specific category expanding to problems like crime, poverty and many more through a chain of events leading towards it. The shaping of the social media has been one of the biggest outlets in portraying racism and genders intersection throughout contemporary Australia. It comes in the form of being able to manipulate, communicate and influence people over the nation especially towards the participants who partake in the roles the social media plays the most. Individuals who pay less attention towards the social media are affected at some point as the form of communication through other people would eventually reach them at some point. Langton (1993) is one of the most notable Indigenous academic authors who illustrate the many important roles the film and media play in representing the construction of not only gender and sexuality but Aboriginality as well and how discrimination throughout Australia is reproduced in this manner. Langton (1993) notes how it is usually the norms of what society sees as mainstream social analysis turns them minor or ethnically determined. Often over a certain extent, while containing some elements of the truth masked behind the media, it tries to recognize iversity and qualify the overgeneralisations social theorising at many times encourage the conduct. Multiracial Feminism has been a topic of discussion not only in Australia but to the likes of globally as well. As it have always been throughout generation to generation and continuing on into the present, women especially of colour have always been placed in a situation where they have confront the hegemony of feminisms solely cons tructed by the criteria of middle-classed white women. Pettman (1991) highlights the need to challenge the system of domination, not by just the subjects of gender but throughout various hierarchies where the lives of women are impacted on because of the location they reside in (pp. 189). Within the constraints of oppressions of gender, race and class, women establish viable lives for not only themselves but their families and their communities as a whole also (pp. 190). The differences of women are systematically connected in many different ways where the relational nature of dominance and subordination is expressed through this manner where race is made an important element through the relations of white women and women in the marginal category. This composes of a large range of methodological approaches from the multiracial feminism which allows society to better understand the social world with the different groups of women within it as well where alternate ways of understanding these process’ are established (1991, pp. 92-193). It is coming to understand the term Pettman recounts that multiracial feminism is something that ‘brings together understandings influenced and drawn from the lived experiences of diverse and changing groups of women globally worldwide’ ( pp. 193). Woman of different nationalities are able to share their experiences and culture among others therefore this helps to bring multicultural and traditions whe re ever the location may be, as this is the path to contemporary Australia becoming much more diverse. Gender and racism as a whole context are expressed in many different ways throughout its intersection in contemporary Australia. Although the framework of these two or still an issue in our nation, it has always been so in the pass as well and unlikely to end with the recent matters taken into accordance. There have been various outcomes introduced to make the inequality terms equal for human beings as a whole as it only brings help to a marginal rule. There may be a possibility that the intersection of gender and racism within Australia may be rid of its context of discrimination but it must also be taken into context that human beings were born this way to find inequality, differences and variations among another. This is a uniquely discussed subject that will not disappear over the course of the next few days but takes an extremely large amount of effort to get rid off as for this subject to no longer exist, all humans not only within Australia but globally as well must work together in unity.

Roles of Communication

There are three different roles of communication in the society. The first role of communication in the society is political role. Here, the role of communication is to provide the people information about the government or with the leaders. Like the issue about the RH Bill that are still talked about by many. Media are giving much attention on this and disseminate information on this. Many people depend on media so they will be aware of what is happening in the government. Almost every move of the government or the persons who are involved in politics are always in the news and being talked about. It also creates public opinion. After they had disseminate the information and the mass has received it different reaction or opinion of these people were made. The opinion of the people regarding the RH Bill is very crucial because we all know that the Catholic church is against it and this is issue is a great deal with our beliefs. After creating the opinion the mass media also reflects the opinion of the public. Somehow creating an image of the reaction of the people. About the RH Bill the opinion of the people can also be seen by the government in mass media and this is how the government somehow asses their decisions. The next role of communication in society is economic role. Communication is also has great effect on the economy of a country because we know that one to sell a product is to advertise in this mass media. The new tagline of the Department of Tourism â€Å" It’s More Fun In The Philippines† and it’s video can always be seen in television, can be heard over radio and can be seen in newspapers and because of these advertisements many tourist can be interested in the Philippines. With these the economy can grow and increase the income of the country and this can help the Filipino people. Last role of communication in the society is the social role. This role helps to strengthen the social fabric of a nation. The Filipino people is fund of listening to tha k-pop of Korea and it is a Pop Culture in the Philipiines. Teens are emulating how they dress and different hair style. We can see that Filipinos are affected by it. It also builds a nation and great example is when Manny Pacqiuao has fights the Filipino people stay at their home or pay paper views to watch it. Even this short period of time Filipinos are one in supporting him. It elps a nation much because being as one can help a nation grow. Entertaining the nation is also a part of social role. It is very obvious that mass media entertains us and it is important so people can be relaxed. In the coming Metro Manila Film Fest many Filipino films created by Filipinos can be watched and this films entertains many people. This time of the year make the Filipino somehow relaxed because of holidays. It helps a nation to be more productive because its workforce has somehow refreshed and has the capacity to do their job efficiently. And this are the 3 roles of communication in the society