Calculating the young modulus of constanton Essays

Calculating the young modulus of constanton Essays Calculating the young modulus of constanton Paper Calculating the young modulus of constanton Paper Introduction Constanton is a copper-nickel alloy mainly used in the for its electrical resistance properties. It has a high resistance which is constant over a wide range of temperatures. I am going to find out the Youngs modulus of this wire and observe its behaviour. Apparatus   Constanton Wire   G-Clamp x2   Pulley Hanging weights   Ruler   Micrometer   Small marker flag Wooden end blocks   Sponge Blocks Underlying Theory When a sample is deformed by a force, the deformation is proportional to the magnitude of the force. This is shown by Hookes Law where: Force is equal to a stiffness constant (k) times the extension (e). The force is proportional to the extension. For a sample we can also calculate stress and strain: Where stress is equal to force (F) divided by area (A) and strain is equal to extension (e) divided by original length (l). When you plot these on a Stress-strain graph it proves Hookes law when it is straight line but as soon as the graph curves, the sample is showing plastic deformation as it is past the elastic limit. Using this graph we can work out the Youngs Modulus of a sample which is: This is also measured in Nm-2 or Pascals (Pa). It can also be calculated by working out the gradient on the stress-strain graph. When a wire obeys Hookes Law it deforms elastically. This means that when the load is removed, the wire returns back to its initial length. The atoms in the wire move small distances from their equilibrium positions but then return. After the elastic limit the wire starts to deform plastically. The atoms move within the structure so they cannot return when the load is removed. Measurements Throughout the experiment these measurements will need to be taken and observed:   Stress Force and surface area   Strain Initial length and the extension   Youngs modulus   Percentage error error of each piece of equipment. Hookes law (F=ke) Method To measure the Youngs modulus of constanton I will: 1) Set up the equipment as shown. 2) Choose a suitable section of wire from the real that doesnt appear bent, twisted or deformed. Measure the diameter of the wire with a micrometer before attaching it to the weights. 3) Attach a marker flag so the extension can be measured. 4) Start the experiment by measuring the initial length of wire and adding the 100g weights and measuring the new length each time. 5) Record your results in a table and plot a stress-strain graph using these results. Weight (g) Mass (N). Length (mm) Stress (Nm-2/Pa) Strain 6) Repeat the experiment three times or until you get a set of similar results. Results Experiment 1 In the first attempt at calculating the youngs modulus of constanton i used 0. 44mm diameter wire with an initial length of 500mm. I measured both in millimetres because this would avoid converting units when calculating the strain of the wire (e/l). The wire only extended by 1mm when 1700g were added to it so I abandoned the experiment and changed my method slightly to get more extension for mass. Experiment 2 I changed the diameter of wire used to 0. 23mm which is almost half the thickness than before. By using thinner wire we should see more extension for the amount of weight added so we can measure it with a ruler more easily. The initial length of wire was also 500mm. When i carried out the experiment the wire proved to be too thin because as only 500g was added the wire started to show rapid plastic deformation and continued to extend by roughly 6% (30mm) of its original length before the wire broke. Experiment 3 I changed the diameter again so I could record more conclusive results. I used a diameter of wire in between the diameters of the first two experiment (0.31mm) and an initial length of 500mm. I still couldnt record too accurate results as the wire didnt extend enough so I could only plot three points on a graph before it showed plastic behaviour. Further experimental changes were needed. Experiment 4 This time I changed the initial length of wire used to 800mm from 500mm. This would amplify the extension so I could measure it with the ruler because the rate of extension would increase and also the amount of extension would increase. By increasing the initial length of wire it would also decrease the percentage error in the measurement of the wire with the ruler. The percentage error goes from 0. 1% to 0. 063%. Experiment 5 This was a repeat to check the accuracy of experiment 4. In this experiment i encountered a few problems. The knot holding the weight hangers on kept slipping and the results found did not match the pervious pattern. Experiment 6 This was my third repeat of experiment 4. This gave me a fairly similar set of results to experiment 4. Due to time restrictions, no more experiments could be carried out to do a third repeat. Calculations Using the diameter to work out the surface area. Let x = diameter X 10-3 = to change from millimetres to metresi 2 = to change diameter into radius Then substitute it into the formula for the area of a circle. Change grams into Newtons for force. Which is equivalent to i 10   Changing Pascals (Pa) into Megapascals (MPa)   Working out gradient to find the Youngs Modulus. Graphs To plot the graphs i only plotted points where the wire extended by a millimetre because the wire was extending between those points but I could not take sensitive enough measurements with a ruler. To plot the graphs i also changed Stress from Pascals (Pa) to Megapascals (MPa) to make it easier to plot on the graph. I also used the graphs to work out the Youngs Modulus of the Constanton by finding the gradient of the graph before it reached the elastic limit. Inaccuracies Here are some factors that may have caused some inaccuracies in my measurements: * The wire may contain impurities that change the way the wire behaves. This cannot be helped. * By attaching a pointer you can affect the sample by restricting the way it behaves. To avoid causing too many inaccuracies use as thin a pointer as possible so there is as little as possible touching the sample. The pulley wheel may cause friction but this is the most sensible way of converting horizontal movement into vertical.   There also may be bends or variation in cross sectional area in the wire. To minimise the risk of this, dont use the first few metres of wire until you find a section that looks roughly undamaged. Percentage Errors The main source of percentage error is in the measurement of the diameter taken by the micrometer even though the micrometer is accurate to i 0. 005mm and the ruler is only accurate to i 0. 5mm. In experiments 4, 5, and 6: % error of diameter = [ i0. 005 / 0. 31] x 100 = 1. 6% % error of length = [ i 0. 5 / 800 ] x 100 = 0. 06% Other sources of percentage error are: Diameter of the wire which is an example of uncertainty in the measurements. Actual mass of the weights which is an example of systematic error. Conclusion Using experiments 4 and 6 I was able to work out my youngs modulus of Constanton by finding the gradient of the initial straight part of my graph. Experiment 4 = 280GPa Experiment 6 = 240GPa The real value of the youngs modulus is 162GPa so I am out by approximately a factor of two. This is not too far away from the true value considering the huge uncertainties involved with my measurement technique. To improve my accuracy I would either have to improve my measurement techniques or change my method completely. In conclusion, the method was affective for demonstrating the affects of Hookes law but not for measuring accurately the youngs modulus of constanton. Modifications in the Method   Attaching the pointer to the pulley stops the pointer coming into contact with the sample of wire which could obstruct deformation but if the wire extends more than the pulley can measure then the experiment will not work. Illuminate the pointer to produce a magnified shadow of the movement. This makes it easier to see movement and allows for more accurate measurement however you need to calculate and calibrate magnification.   Use wire that isnt wound round a real because it distorted the start point of my curve. A typical youngs modulus curve starts at the origin but mine doesnt because first few hundred grams was used to apply tension to the wire to bend out the curves.

How to Calculate the Variance of a Poisson Distribution

How to Calculate the Variance of a Poisson Distribution The variance of a distribution of a random variable is an important feature. This number indicates the spread of a distribution, and it is found by squaring the standard deviation. One commonly used discrete distribution is that of the Poisson distribution. We will see how to calculate the variance of the Poisson distribution with parameter ÃŽ ». The Poisson Distribution Poisson distributions are used when we have a continuum of some sort and are counting discrete changes within this continuum. This occurs when we consider the number of people who arrive at a movie ticket counter in the course of an hour, keep track of the number of cars traveling through an intersection with a four-way stop or count the number of flaws occurring in a length of wire. If we make a few clarifying assumptions in these scenarios, then these situations match the conditions for a Poisson process. We then say that the random variable, which counts the number of changes, has a Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution actually refers to an infinite family of distributions. These distributions come equipped with a single parameter ÃŽ ». The parameter is a positive real number that is closely related to the expected number of changes observed in the continuum. Furthermore, we will see that this parameter is equal to not only the mean of the distribution but also the variance of the distribution. The probability mass function for a Poisson distribution is given by: f(x) (ÃŽ »x e-ÃŽ »)/x! In this expression, the letter e is a number and is the mathematical constant with a value approximately equal to 2.718281828. The variable x can be any nonnegative integer. Calculating the Variance To calculate the mean of a Poisson distribution, we use this distributions moment generating function. We see that: M( t ) E[etX] ÃŽ £ etXf( x) ÃŽ £etX ÃŽ »x e-ÃŽ »)/x! We now recall the Maclaurin series for eu. Since any derivative of the function eu is eu, all of these derivatives evaluated at zero give us 1. The result is the series eu ÃŽ £ un/n!. By use of the Maclaurin series for eu, we can express the moment generating function not as a series, but in a closed form. We combine all terms with the exponent of x. Thus M(t) eÃŽ »(et - 1). We now find the variance by taking the second derivative of M and evaluating this at zero. Since M’(t) ÃŽ »etM(t), we use the product rule to calculate the second derivative: M’’(t)ÃŽ »2e2tM’(t) ÃŽ »etM(t) We evaluate this at zero and find that M’’(0) ÃŽ »2 ÃŽ ». We then use the fact that M’(0) ÃŽ » to calculate the variance. Var(X) ÃŽ »2 ÃŽ » – (ÃŽ »)2 ÃŽ ». This shows that the parameter ÃŽ » is not only the mean of the Poisson distribution but is also its variance.

Opposing Totalitarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Opposing Totalitarianism - Essay Example It also puts individuality into question, as well as standards and principles of morality and humanity. If a state wishes to regulate public life, then by all means, but a private life is just that: private. Each person is entitled to running and living their lives in the ways that they see fit and should not have to answer to another party in regards to it. Totalitarianism violates a person’s right to live as they want to. If they are under constant surveillance, then they are unable to act in the ways that they feel are appropriate for them. They are punished if they â€Å"misbehave,† or act in any other way than the one set down by the state. They must abide by the rules that are set for everyone; nobody is an exception to what the state decides upon, and there is no point in trying to reason with the state. The methods used to keep the citizens in check are immoral and cruel. Mass media is controlled for the sole purpose of controlling the citizens. It has long since been figured out that people are very influenced by what they see in the media, and the state uses this to their advantage. The state also monitors the media that is made public – certain genres and mediums are unacceptable in some areas, and everyone must abide by those wishes. This violates freedom of expression, as well as freedom of speech. The same applies to the methods of restricting free discussion and criticism. Citizens are being forced to keep quiet about how they feel. The use of terror tactics and mass surveillance takes things too far when it comes to keeping people under control. Attempts are taken to an entirely new level when threats and constant surveillance are sought to tend to citizens. People are frightened into living in ways that the majority of them want nothing to do with. With surveillance as constant as it could be, these people have very little chance of â€Å"acting out.† The most well-known

Answering 6 questions based on the book All the Shah's Men Essay

Answering 6 questions based on the book All the Shah's Men - Essay Example Mohammed, the prophet of Islam preached his ideas on one and only God, the almighty. Ali Khomeini, an Iranian political leader, had immense influence on religion and Islamic Republic of Iran. He acted the role of a link between politics and religion in Iran. Hussein Khomeini, grandson of the founder of Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, played a neutral role between religion and politics in Iran. Religious thought and nationalism can be seen as the common factor which binds these individuals together. The teachings of Zoroaster guided Iran to religious tolerance and integration. But the teachings of Mohammed eventually directed Iran to militant nationalism. The influence of Ali Khomeini insisted the government to stick on to the rules set by the religious leaders in Iran. The religious and political ideology put forth by Hussein Khomeini was against the militant nationalism of the religious leaders and it supported the sense of nationhood among Iranians. Stephen Ki nzer points out that: â€Å"Before great powers take far-reaching decisions that can reshape the world, their leaders normally consider the lessons of history.† (Kinzer xii) the great powers possess the duty to take proper decisions on international affairs. But the overall influence of religion, especially Islam insists Iran to be an Islamic Republic. 2. Stephen Kinzer points out that the role of the Britain in Iran is that of colonial exploitation. They were not in favor of nationalization of oil assets controlled by the British companies. Kinzer points out that: â€Å"The wealth that flowed from beneath Iran’s soil played a decisive role in maintaining Britain† (Kinzer 2) the wealth looted from the oil trade helped the British government to monopoly in oil trade but the exploitation badly affected the people of Iran. The exploitation by Britain made Iran

Character Analysis of Romeo Essay Example for Free

Character Analysis of Romeo Essay The play Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in which Romeo is a tragic hero, who is the son of Montague and falls in love with Juliet from his feud family, Capulet, at their first glance of each other. Shakespeare uses several rhetoric devices in Romeo’s lines to suggest that Romeo is a romantic yet rash figure. As Russ McDonald mentions in his essay â€Å"Shakespeare’s tragic characters are visionaries, purists, idealists† 1, Romeo satisfies to be an idealist, who believes that he is going to have an adorable life with Juliet but gets totally messed up when things turn down. First, â€Å"Heaven is here where Juliet lives and every cat and dog and little mouse, everything unworthy thing live here in heaven and may look on her, but Romeo may not†¦ They may seize on the whit wonder of dear Juliet’s hand and steal immortal blessing from her lips†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2 Both personification and metaphor are used in this quote in order to vividly describe the grief in Romeo’s heart. Human behaviours are applied to every dog, cat, mouse and other unworthy things that they can â€Å"seize† and â€Å"steal†. Evidently, to â€Å"seize the white wonder† and to â€Å"steal immortal blessing from her lips† are things that Romeo wants to do rather than he wants those animals to do. It is also suggested that Romeo would rather to be those animals instead of him to stay with Juliet given that he has been sentenced banishment. These things show that Romeo is suffering from anguish that he is going to leave Juliet and regarding himself as one that ranks lower those cats, dog, mice and other unworthy things. Moreover, â€Å"heaven†, in this context does not refer to the place where people live after they die. Actually, Shakespeare uses metaphor here to refer â€Å"heaven† to the place where Juliet lives but Romeo is prohibited to live. On the other hand, Romeo implies that he is going to a place like the hell. The contrast between the heaven and the hell is so strong that Romeo is upset because before he believed that he would lead a sweet life with Juliet. At this point, I conclude that Romeo is round character in this play. Round characters are defined to be those â€Å"who are more complex, who change their minds, attitudes, and actions, or who take readers through a process of conflict along with them. † 3 Before Romeo is sentenced, he was assuming that he was going to stay with Juliet after he married Juliet and most of the readers think so. But given that Romeo kills Tybalt and he is exiled, things turn to the dark side so that Romeo becomes sorrowful by which the reader is shocked. Second, â€Å"Eyes, look your last. Arms, take your last embrace. And, lips, O, you the doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss a dateless bargain to engrossing death. † 4 This piece contains imperative sentences that Romeo does certain things to show his magnificent love to Juliet straight from his heart. It is also an appealing detail, which carefully depicts the actions of Romeo’s eyes, arms and lips and which the reader is able to visualize in their head. As Gail Kern Paster mentions in his essay â€Å" Rather Romeo and Juliet’s love is a social problem, unresolvable except by their deaths, because they dare to marry secretly in an age when legal, consummated marriage was irreversible† 5, in that historical context, in order to show that he is still loving Juliet not anyone else, he has no choices but to kill himself. Third, â€Å"Hence ‘banished’ is ‘banished from the world,’ And world’s exile is death. Then ‘ banished’ is death mistermed. Calling death ‘banished’, thou cutt’st my head off with a golden ax†¦Ã¢â‚¬  6. In this quote, the word â€Å"banished† is repeated several times. Such a repetition shows enormous grief that exists in Romeo’s heart and his unwillingness to leave the place where Juliet lives. Moreover, Romeo regards banishment as death and the fantasy, â€Å"cutt’st my head off with a golden ax†. At this point, I think that Romeo is quite rash and pessimistic. As Russ McDonald mentions â€Å"†¦ they are like children, for their idealistic conception of the world is usually marked by a radical simplicity and naivete† 7, I state that it is Romeo’s simplicity and naivete that he equals banishment to death. In my opinion, it is just a tiny stumble block in his life as every other individual will have and Romeo is so rash that he is demanding death. Fourth, â€Å"†¦her beauty makes this vault a feasting present full of light. † 8 The hyperbolic language in this quote suggests that Romeo sees that Juliet presents impressive and glorious beauty, which looks light. Again, it is a very strong piece of language to emphasise the unshakable status of Juliet in Romeo’s mind.

What causes acne? :: essays research papers

What causes acne?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acne vulgaris, the medical term for common acne; is the most common skin disease. It is so common that nearly eighty-five percent of the population will develop some form of acne at some time between the ages of twelve and twenty-five years. Although there are several theories about what causes acne, medical doctors generally agree that acne is a by-product of hormonal changes in the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At puberty (that period of life when a child develops secondary sex characteristics), increased levels of androgens (normally referred to as the male hormone) cause the sebaceous glands to produce to much sebum. The sebaceous glands lie just beneath the skin’s surface. They produce an oily substance called sebum, the skin’s natural moisturizer. These glands and the hair follicles (the tube like structures from which hair develops) within which they are found are called sebaceous follicles. These follicles open into the skin through pores. When excess sebum combines with dead sticky skin cells a hard plug, or comedo is formed. If comedones are open to the surface, they are called blackheads. Comedones that are closed at the surface are called white heads. Plugged follicles can rupture internally, resulting in a discharge of their contents into the surrounding tissues. A comedo is the mildest type of acne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderate and severe inflammatory types of acne are the result of plugged follicles being invaded by the bacteria that normally lives on the skin. The role of the bacteria is unclear. Bacteria may act by causing chemical reactions in the sebaceous fluid, leading to the release of very irritating compounds called fatty acids. These in turn cause inflammation that increases susceptibility to infection. A pimple forms when the damaged follicle weakens and bursts open, releasing a substance (sebum, bacteria, and skin) into the surrounding tissues. Pimples that are near the skin’s surface and are inflamed are called papules. When pimples are deeper they are called pustules. This process begins an inflammatory response that sets the stage for the development of acne. Specialists are unable to detect the exact cause of acne, but there are many risk factors that have been identified with the contribution of developing acne. Diet does not cause acne, but certain foods can cause flare-ups. However, eliminating certain foods, particularly chocolates and fats, appear to improve some cases of acne. Teenagers are more likely to develop acne, due to hormonal changes they experience. Boys tend to develop more severe acne than girls, as well as more often.

Employment Law and Compliance Plan Essay

Atwood and Allen Consulting Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Recruitment and Selection Strategies Recommendations Atwood and Allen Consulting Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Recruitment and Selection Strategies Recommendations The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company has been established to providetransportation to public. The first step is recruitment and selection of prospective new employees that will organize and man the business. The Human Resource Department must explore resources to find right candidates. Recruitment and selection team must addressing the job responsibilities and scope of work of each new position. The staffing process is normally divided into recruitment phase and the selection phase. Recruitment is the searching and attracting of job seekers and the selection is the part job seekers are chosen to get the offer to fill the vacant position. The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company first step is planning human resource. Develop policies, system, procedure and goal setting and method of performance appraisal. Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company interviews should have standard company operating procedures and recruitment policies that take care of the recruitment process. These policy, systems, procedures were prepared and approved by Bradley Stonefield. It will be reviewed yearly to ensure compliance to new laws and new business environment or requirement. The Human Resource will periodically review and assess the current and futurehuman resource requirements.The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company formal recruitment process begins when Bradley Stonefield decide or announce the start of the operation of his business. Look more:Â  google recruiting process essay Bradley Stonefield makes that decision because he will have to finance the whole endeavor or business. HR staff initiates the request and documentation. The recruitment request will be evaluated by Bradley Stonefield. He will take several factors in consideration in making his evaluation together with his HR staff. Among the factors he will have to consider are postings, the requirements, the financial constraint, and so forth. Once he approved the recruitment process it will be a go to implement. The job description and person specification is to be prepared by HR staff in consultationwith Bradley Stonefield. These will contain the details of duties and responsibilities to be performed by the selected individual. The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company will advertise the job opening in major media of mass circulation and community service bulletins. The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company will shortlist candidates for interview. If the applicant meets all the essential criteria defined in the job description the next process is the interview phase. The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company will conduct a two part interview sessions two sessions for drivers. First is the personality, background, skillset interview, which is the preliminary interview. This also includes the authentication of driver’s license and drug test. Before the preliminary interview start, the candidates are required to fill application form. It will contain information such as the applicant’s personal biodata, job experiences, and reason for leaving previous employment. Successful candidates in the first interview will be required to come back for the second interview. Bradley Stonefield and HR staff will make decision who to hire. All candidates will be asked the same questions and will be presented the same situational scenario or event. All questions will be job related to determine the suitability of the applicant to the position being filled out, whether that is a limousine driver or customer service receptionist The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company policies will serve as a guideline and administer the company employment process. The hiring procedure ensures that the most qualified candidates is selected. Bradley Stonefield uses a rigorous recruitment and selection process, which complies to the equal opportunity policy. The Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company recruitment strategies in vital in finding top talent. The recruitment strategies that are implemented by Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company are as follows: 1.) Recruiting through Internet. One of the advantages of using the internet is that it is easily accessible by anyone. 2.) Referrals. Recommended by friends, colleagues, acquaintances. 3.) Advertisements. Advertise job vacancies in the of newspapers great circulation. Again, it is extremely important that the selection process be evaluated regularly to verifyand confirm that the right applicants or employees have been selected or chosen. If Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company if the company has significant turnover in a given position, the process of recruitment and selection must be changed. People are a major component of any business, and the management of people (or human resource management, HRM) is a major part of every manager’s job. It is also the specialized responsibility of the HR department. HRM involves five major areas: staffing, retention, development, adjustment, and managing change. Together they compose the HRM system, for they describe a network of interrelated components. The HRM function is responsible for maximizing productivity, quality of work life, and profits through better management of people. Hiring manager, like Bradley Stonefield, must focus on recruiting activities aimed at attracting the right candidates for the job. Based on the needs and forecasts for future needs, Bradley Stonefield will need to direct his efforts toward the best option for recruiting the right candidates. For instance, focusing on traditional newspaper advertisements is appropriate for driver positions with the Bradley Stonefield Limousine Service Company. Selecting the right candidate requires identifying the specific skills, knowledge and qualities you seek and desire in a worker. This can pertain to the necessary skills and knowledge for the position itself, such as a specific degree or certification, and the desired personal qualities, such as a preference to hire employees with good moral and ethical standards. Other important parts of the selection process include conducting any necessary aptitude tests and conducting a thorough background check to ensure the employee meets the basic qualifications of both the position and the company.

Meeting Scene Romeo and Juliet VS Gnomeo and Juliet Essay

The famous play Romeo and Juliet, written by William Shakespeare, is the tale of two star-crossed lovers. Romeo, the only heir of Montague, falls in love with Juliet, the heiress of Capulet, but their love is forbidden due to a rivalry between houses resulting in a double suicide. Two adaptations of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet are Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet (2011), portrayed as humorous through various film techniques, and Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet (1996), portrayed as a tragedy through similar film techniques. This will be shown through the use of film techniques like language, camera angles and mise-en-scene. Fristly, language features are used by both Luhrmann’s version of Romeo and Juliet and Asbury’s version of Gnomeo and Juliet. In Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet language features such as similes are being used in the meeting scene. Romeo is comparing Juliet to a saint and himself to a pilgrim. He is saying that as it’s a long last, when he finally found the object of his reverence. Romeo takes her hands, and offered to kiss away and damage he might of has caused or may have been committed in the process. This is evident when Romeo states, â€Å"If I profane with my unworthiest hand this holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready to stand to smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.† Luhrmann’s version of Romeo and Juliet uses language to creates the feel of Romeo and Juliet falling in love with each other before they find out who they really are. The heartbreak and knowing that both parents won’t allow them together is tragic. In Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet play on words are used all throughout the film. In the meeting scene Gnomeo and Juliet are mucking around with each other as they both want the flower. As Juliet gets the flower from Gnomeo she states, â€Å"Who’s your Gnomeo now?† This used for when Juliet steals the Orchid from Gnomeo as they are play around with each other. This leads to Juliet flirting with Gnomeo as she develops feelings for him this creates a feel of happiness and cheerful between the character and the audience. The different language features that have been used in both films shows that the two have both constructed two different versions of William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet. Secondly, the use of camera angles are used in Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet to show the tragic and emotion effect the film has on the audience. In Asbury’s Gnomeo  and Juliet the camera angle creates a romantic and humorous. This is shown in Luhrmann’s version through the low angle when Romeo and Juliet meet and realise who they actually are. The low angle is for Romeo when he runs after Juliet to see where she is going then finds her with her mother Mrs Capulet. The camera angle captures the Romeo’s facial expression, his confusion that his one true love is his family emery and now Romeo doesn’t understand why someone so prefect in his eyes could be his family worst emery of them all. In the Asbury’s version of Gnomeo and Juliet the camera angles are used to show that the film is humorous. The camera angle that has been used in the meeting scene Gnomeo and Juliet is an eye level angle; this is shown when Gnomeo and Juliet climbing up the glasshouse and when they both reach for the Orchid. The purpose behind using eye level angle is used to create the scene romantic when they touch for the first time. The camera angle is used to make the audience think that the two are in love and they are meant to be together forever right then and here. Camera angles are used in Luhrmann’s Romeo and Juliet to show the tragedy. The camera angles are used in Asbury’s Gnomeo and Juliet to show the humorous through the camera angles as Gnomeo and Juliet. In addition, the use of mise-en-scene things such as props, costumes, lighting, facial expressions and placement are used throughout both films. Luhrmann’s version of Romeo and Juliet the costumes played a big part in the meeting scene. In the scene Romeo is dressed up as a knight and Juliet is dressed up as an angel. Romeo see’s Juliet for what she really is, an angel in his eyes.

Adolf Hitler Summary Essays

Adolf Hitler Summary Essays Adolf Hitler Summary Paper Adolf Hitler Summary Paper Essay Topic: Bad Boy a Memoir Adolf Hitler (German: [? ad? lf ? h? tl? ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state (as Fuhrer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is most commonly associated with the rise offascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust. A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923 Hitler attempted a coup detat, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, at the Burgerbraukeller beer hall in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitlers imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained support by promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and propaganda. He was appointed chancellor in 1933 and transformed theWeimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. Hitlers avowed aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe. His foreign and domestic policies had the goal of seizing Lebensraum (living space) for the Germanic people. He oversaw the rearmament of Germany and the invasion of Poland by the Wehrmacht in September 1939, which led to the outbreak of World War II in Europe. 2] Under Hitlers direction, in 1941 German forces and their European allies occupied most of Europe and North Africa. These gains were gradually reversed after 1941, and in 1945 the Allied armies defeated the German army. Hitlers racially motivated policies resulted in the deaths of as many as 17 million people,[3] including an estimated six million Jews and between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma targeted in the Holocaust. [4] In the final days of th e war, during the Battle of Berlin in 1945, Hitler married his long-time mistress, Eva Braun. On 30 April 1945- less than two days later- the two committed suicide to avoid capture by the Red Army, and their corpses were burned. [5] Ancestry Adolfs mother, Klara Hitlers father, Alois Hitler, was an illegitimate child of Maria Anna Schicklgruber. The name of Alois father was not listed on Alois birth certificate, and he bore his mothers surname. [6][7] In 1842 Johann Georg Hiedler married Maria, and in 1876 Johann testified before a notary and three witnesses that he was the father of Alois. [8]Despite his testimony, the question of Alois paternity remained unresolved. For example, Hans Frank suggested the existence of letters claiming that Alois mother was employed as a housekeeper for a Jewish family in Graz and that the familys 19-year-old son, Leopold Frankenberger, had fathered Alois. [7] No Frankenberger, Jewish or otherwise, is registered in Graz for that period. [9] This claim remained unsupported, however, and Frank himself did not believe that Hitler had Jewish ancestry. [10] The suggestion that Alois father was Jewish was also doubted by historians in the 1990s,[11][12] and Ian Kershaw dismisses the Frankenberger story as a smear by Hitlers adversaries. Kershaw noted that there was no evidence for a family named Frankenberger living in Graz at the time. All Jews had been expelled from Graz under Maximilian I in the 15th century, and were not allowed to settle in Styria until the Basic Laws were passed in 1849. [9][12] At age 39 Alois assumed the surname Hitler, also spelled as Hiedler, Huttler, or Huettler; the name was probably regularised to its final spelling by a clerk. The origin of the name is either one who lives in a hut (Standard German Hutte), shepherd (Standard German huten to guard, English heed), or is from the Slavic wordsHidlar and Hidlarcek. 13] Childhood Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 at around 6:30 pm at the Gasthof zum Pommer, an inn in Ranshofen,[14] a village annexed in 1938 to the municipality ofBraunau am Inn, Upper Austria. He was the third of five children to Alois Hitler and Klara Polzl. Adolfs older siblings – Gustav and Ida – died in infancy. [15]Psychologist Erich Fromm describes th e mother and father as stable, well-intentioned people. [16] Hitler was attached to his mother, who is thought to have pampered him in his early years. His father was a hard-working self-made man who secured a comfortable livelihood for the family. Though often described as a tyrant, Alois character conformed to the authoritarian type of his age, milieu, and class. [17] Adolf Hitler as an infant (c. 1889/1890) At the age of three, his family moved to Kapuzinerstrasse 5[18] in Passau, Germany. There, Hitler would acquire the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect, rather thanAustrian German, which marked his speech all of his life. [19][20][21] In 1894, the family relocated to Leonding near Linz, and in June 1895, Alois retired to a small landholding at Hafeld near Lambach, where he tried his hand at farming and beekeeping. Adolf attended school in nearby Fischlham, and in his free time, he played Cowboys and Indians. Hitler became fixated on warfare after finding a picture book about the Franco-Prussian War among his fathers belongings. [22][23] The move to Hafeld appears to have coincided with the onset of intense father-son conflicts, because Adolf refused to conform to strict school discipline. [24] Alois Hitlers farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure, and in 1897 the family moved to Lambach. Hitler attended a Catholic school in an 11th-century Benedictine cloister, the walls of which bore engravings and crests that contained the symbol of the swastika. [18] In Lambach the eight-year-old Hitler sang in the church choir, took singing lessons, and even entertained thoughts of one day becoming a priest. [25] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. The death of his younger brother,Edmund from measles on 2 February 1900 deeply affected Hitler. He changed from being confident and outgoing and an excellent student, to a morose, detached, and sullen boy who constantly fought his father and his teachers. 26] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to a unforgiving antagonism between father and son who were both equally strong-willed. [27][28][29] Ignoring his son s desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, in September 1900 his father sent Adolf to the Realschule in Linz, a technical high school of about 300 students. This was the same high school that Adolf Eichmann would attend some 17 years later. )[30] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and inMein Kampf revealed that he did poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream. [31] Hitler became obsessed with German nationalism from a young age as a way to rebel against his father, who proudly served the Austrian government. Although many Austrians considered themselvesGermans, they were loyal to Austria. Hitler expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg Monarchy and its rule over an ethnically-variegated empire. [32][33] Hitler and his friends used the German greeting Heil, and sang the German anthem Deutschland Uber Alles instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem. [34] After Alois sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitlers behaviour at the technical school became even more disruptive, and he was asked to leave in 1904. He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, but upon completing his second year, he and his friends went out for a night of celebration and drinking. While drunk, Hitler tore up his school certificate and used the pieces as toilet paper. The stained certificate was brought to the attention of the schools principal, who gave him such a dressing-down that the boy was reduced to shivering jelly. It was probably the most painful and humiliating experience of his life. [35] Hitler was expelled, never to return to school again. At age 15, Hitler took part in his First Communion on Whitsunday, 22 May 1904, at the Linz Cathedral. [36] His sponsor was Emanuel Lugert, a friend of his late father. 37] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich From 1905, Hitler lived a bohemian life in Vienna with financial support from orphans benefits and his mother. He was rejected twice by the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1907–1908), because of his unfitness for painting, and was recommended to study architecture. [38] However, he lacked the academic credentials required for architecture school: In a few days I myself knew that I should some day become an architect. To be sure, it was an incredibly hard road; for the studies I had neglected out of spite at the Realschule were sorely needed. One could not attend the Academys architectural school without having attended the building school at the Technik, and the latter required a high-school degree. I had none of all this. The fulfilment of my artistic dream seemed physically impossible. [39] The Courtyard of the Old Residency in Munich. Adolf Hitler, 1914 On 21 December 1907, Hitlers mother died of breast cancer at age 47; Hitler was devastated, and carried the grief from her death with him for the rest of his life. Ordered by a court in Linz, Hitler gave his share of the orphans benefits to his sister Paula, and at the age of 21, he inherited money from an aunt. He struggled as a painter in Vienna, copying scenes from postcards and selling his paintings to merchants and tourists. After being rejected a second time by the Academy of Arts, Hitler ran out of money. In 1909, he lived in a shelter for the homeless, and by 1910, he had settled into a house for poor working men on Meldemannstra? e. Another resident of the shelter, Reinhold Hanisch, sold Hitlers paintings, until the two men had a bitter falling-out. [40] Hitler stated that he first became an antisemite in Vienna,[41] which had a large Jewish community, including Orthodox Jews who had fled the pogroms inRussia. There were few Jews in Linz. In the course of centuries their outward appearance had become Europeanised and had taken on a human look; in fact, I even took them for Germans. The absurdity of this idea did not dawn on me because I saw no distinguishing feature but the strange religion. The fact that they had, as I believed, been persecuted on this account sometimes almost turned my distaste at unfavorable remarks about them into horror. Thus far I did not so much as suspect the existence of an organized opposition to the Jews. Then I came to Vienna. 41] Once, as I was strolling through the Inner City, I suddenly encountered an apparition in a black caftan and black hair locks. Is this a Jew? was my first thought. For, to be sure, they had not looked like that in Linz. I observed the man furtively and cautiously, but the longer I stared at this foreign face, scrutinizing feature for feature, the more my first question assumed a new form: Is this a German? [42] Hitlers account has been questioned by his childhood friend, August Kubizek, who suggested that Hitler was already a confirmed antisemite before he left Linz for Vienna. Brigitte Hamann has challenged his account, writing that of all those early witnesses who can be taken seriously Kubizek is the only one to portray young Hitler as an anti-Semite and precisely in this respect he is not trustworthy. [43] If Hitler was an antisemite even before settling in Vienna, apparently he did not act on his views. He was a frequent dinner guest in a wealthy Jewish home: he interacted well with Jewish merchants, and sold his paintings almost exclusively to Jewish dealers. [44][45] At the time Hitler lived there, Vienna was a hotbed of traditional religious prejudice and 19th-century racism. Fears of been overrun by immigrants from the East were widespread and the populist mayor,Karl Lueger, was adept at exploiting the rhetoric of virulent antisemitism for political effect. Georg Schonerers pangermanic ethnic antisemitism had a strong following and base in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler lived. [46] Local newspapers like the Deutsches Volksblatt, which Hitler read, fanned prejudices, as did Rudolf Vrbas writings, which played on Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of eastern Jews. [47] He probably read occult writings, like the antisemitic magazine Ostara, published by Lanz von Liebenfels. 48] Hostile to what he saw as Catholic Germanophobia, he developed a strong admiration for Luther. [49] Luthers foundational antisemitic writings were to play an important role in later Nazi propaganda. [50] Hitler received the final part of his fathers estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich. He wrote in Mein Kampf that he had always longed to live in a real German city. In Munich he further pursued his interest in architecture and studied the writings of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, who, a decade later, was to become the first person of national- and even international- repute to align himself with Hitler and the Nazi movement. 51] Hitler also may have left Vienna to avoid conscription into the Austrian army; he was disinclined to serve the Habsburg state and was repulsed by what he perceived as a mixture of races in the Austrian army. [52] After a physical exam on 5 February 1914, he was deemed unfit for service and returned to Munich. [53] When Germany entered World War I in August 1914, he successfully petitioned King Ludwig III of Bavaria for permission to serve in a Bavarian regiment. [54] World War I Main article: Military career of Adolf Hitler Hitler served as a runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium in the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16. He experienced major combat, including the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele. [55] Hitler with his army comrades of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (c. 1914–1918) Hitler was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross, Second Class, in 1914. Recommended by Hugo Gutmann, he received the Iron Cross, First Class, on 4 August 1918,[56] a decoration rarely awarded to one of Hitlers rank (Gefreiter). Hitlers post at regimental headquarters, where he had frequent interactions with senior officers, may have helped him receive this decoration. [57] The regimental staff, however, thought Hitler lacked leadership skills, and he was never promoted. He also received the Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [58] While serving at regimental headquarters Hitler pursued his artwork, drawing cartoons and instructions for an army newspaper. In October 1916 he was wounded either in the groin area[59] or the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners dugout during the Battle of the Somme. 60] Hitler spent almost two months in the Red Cross hospital at Beelitz. He returned to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [61] Adolf Hitler as a soldier during the First World War (1914–1918) On 15 October 1918, Hitler was temporarily blinded by a mustard gas attack. [62] It has been suggested that his blindness may have been an hysterical symptom brought on by the shock at the rapid reversal of German ys war fortunes. [63] He was hospitalised in Pasewalk. Hitler became embittered over the collapse of the war effort. It was during this time that Hitlers ideological development began to firmly take shape. [64] According to Lucy Dawidowicz, Hitlers intention to exterminate Europes Jews took definitive shape by the end of World War I. [65] Hitler described the war as the greatest of all experiences, and he was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [66] The experience made Hitler a passionate German patriot, and he was shocked by Germanys capitulation in November 1918. [67] Like many other German nationalists, Hitler believed in the Dolchsto? egende (Stab-in-the-back legend), which claimed that the German army, undefeated in the field, had been stabbed in the back on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists, later dubbed the November Criminals. [68] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany must relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied reparations on the country. Many Germans perceived the treaty - especially Article 231, which declared Germany responsible for the war- as a humiliation. 69]The economic, social, and political conditions in Germany effected by the war and the Versailles treaty were later exploited by Hitler for political gains. [70] Entry into politics Main article: Adolf Hitlers political views After World War I, Hitler remained in the army and returned to Munich, where he attended the funeral march for the murdered Bavarian prime minister Kurt Eisner. [71] After the suppression of theBavarian Soviet Republic, he took part in national thinking courses organised by the Education and Propaganda Department of the Bavarian Reichswehr under Captain Karl Mayr. 72] In July 1919 Hitler was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklarungskommando (reconnaissance commando) of the Reichswehr, both to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate theGerman Workers Party (DAP). While he studied the activities of the DAP, Hitler became impressed with founder A nton Drexlers antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist ideas. [73]Drexler favoured a strong active government, a non-Jewish version of socialism, and solidarity among all members of society. Drexler was impressed with Hitlers oratory skills and invited him to join the DAP. Hitler accepted on 12 September 1919,[74] becoming the partys 55th member. [75] A copy of Adolf Hitlers German Workers Party (DAP) membership card At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart, one of its early founders and a member of the occult Thule Society. [76] Eckart became Hitlers mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing Hitler to a wide range of people in Munich society. [77] Hitler thanked Eckart and paid tribute to him in the second volume ofMein Kampf. To increase the partys appeal, the party changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers Party – NSDAP). 78] Hitler designed the partys banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [79] Hitler was discharged from the army in March 1920, and he began working full time for the party. By early 1921 Hitler had become highly effective at speaking to large audiences. In February 1921 Hitler spoke to a crowd of over six thousand in Munich. [80] To pub licise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around town waving swastika flags and throwing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy, polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [81] At the time, the NSDAP was centred in Munich, a major hotbed of anti-government German nationalists determined to crush Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic. [82] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the DAP in Munich. Members of the DAPs executive committee, some of whom considered Hitler to be too overbearing, wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP). 83] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July 1921 and angrily tendered his resignation from the DAP. The committee members then realised that Hitlers resignation would mean the end of the party. [84] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [85] The committee agreed to his demands; Hitler rejoined the party as member 3,680. Hitler still faced some oppos ition within the DAP: Hermann Esser and his allies printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. 85][a] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself to thunderous applause. Hitlers strategy proved successful: at a general DAP membership meeting, he was granted absolute powers as party chairman, with only one nay vote cast. [87] Hitlers vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. Early followers included Rudolf Hess, the former air force pilot Hermann Goring, and the army captain Ernst Rohm. The latter became head of the Nazis paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, Storm Division), which protected meetings and frequently attacked political opponents. A critical influence on his thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung,[88][page needed] a conspiratorial group formed of White Russian exiles and early National Socialists. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists like Henry Ford, introduced him to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism. [89] Hitler attracted the attention of local business interests. He was accepted into influential circles of Munich society and became associated with wartime General Erich Ludendorff. Drawing of Hitler (30 October 1923) Beer Hall Putsch Main article: Beer Hall Putsch Encouraged by his new support, Hitler recruited Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch (also known as the Hitler Putsch or MunichPutsch). The Nazi Party had used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies, and in 1923, Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolinis March on Rome by staging his own Campaign in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought support of Staatskommissar (state commissioner) Gustav von Kahr, Bavarias de factoruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser (Sei? er) and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow, wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [90] Hitler wanted to seize a critical moment for successful popular agitation and support. [91] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people that had been organised by Kahr in the Burgerbraukeller, a large beer hall in Munich. Hitler interrupted Kahrs speech and announced that the national revolution had begun, declaring the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. 92] With his handgun drawn, Hitler demanded the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [92]Hitlers forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters; however, neither the army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [93] Kahr and his consorts quickly withdrew their support and fled to join the opposition to Hitler. [94] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government on their March on Berlin, but the police dispersed them. 95] Sixteen NSDAP members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup. [96] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl, and by some accounts he contemplated suicide; this state of mind has been disputed by others. [97] Hitler was depressed but calm when he was arrested on 11 November 1923. [98] He was tried for high treason before the special Peoples Court in Munich,[99] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the NSDAP. Hitlers trial began on 26 February 1924; on 1 April 1924 Hitler was sentenced to five years imprisonment at Landsberg Prison. 100]Hitler received friendly treatment from the guards and received a lot of mail from supporters. The Bavarian Supreme Court issued a pardon and he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutors objections. [101] Including time on remand, Hitler had served j ust over one year in prison. [102] Mein Kampf Dust jacket of Mein Kampf (1926–1927) Main article: Mein Kampf While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle, originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. 102] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and an exposition of his ideology. Mein Kampf was influenced by The Passing of the Great Race by Madison Grant, which Hitler called my Bible. [103] Mein Kampfwas published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, selling about 240,000 copies between 1925 and 1934. By the end of the war, about 10 million copies had been sold or distributed. The copyright of Mein Kampf in Europe is claimed by the Free State of Bavaria and will end on 31 December 2015. In Germany, only heavily commented editions of Mein Kampf are available- solely for academic studies. Rebuilding the NSDAP Hitler (left), standing behindHermann Goring at a Nazi rally inNuremberg (c. 1928) At the time of Hitlers release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved. This limited Hitlers opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the NSDAP and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with Prime Minister of Bavaria Heinrich Held on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the authority of the state: he would only seek political power through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the NSDAP to be lifted[104] on 16 February 1925, but Hitler was barred from public speaking as of 9 March. [105] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser along with his brother Otto and Joseph Goebbels to organise and grow the NSDAP in northern Germany. A superb organiser, Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist element in the partys programme. [106] Hitler established an autocratic rule of the NSDAP by asserting the Fuhrerprinzip (Leader principle). What emerged was a political organisation where rank in the party was determined not by elections, but rather positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [107] A key element of Hitlers appeal was his ability to evoke a sense of violated national pride as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. Many Germans strongly resented the terms of the treaty, especially the economic burden of having to pay large reparations to other countries affected by World War I. Nonetheless, attempts by Hitler to win popular support by blaming the demands and assertions in the treaty on international Jewry were largely unsuccessful with the electorate. Therefore, Hitler and his party began employing more subtle propaganda methods, combining antisemitism with an attack on the failures of the Weimar system and the parties supporting it. [citation needed] Having failed in overthrowing the republic and gaining power by a coup, Hitler changed tactics and pursued a strategy of formally adhering to the rules of the Weimar Republic until he had gained political power through regular elections. His vision was to then use the institutions of the Weimar Republic to destroy it and establish himself as autocratic leader. Rise to power Main article: Adolf Hitlers rise to power Nazi Party election results DateTotal votesVotes, percentageReichstag seatsNotes May 1924 1,918,300[108] 6. 532[108] Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300[108] 3. 014[108] Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100[109] 2. 612[109] September 1930 6,409,600[109] 18. 3[110] 107[109] After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000[111] 37. 3[110] 230[111] After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 1,737,00033. 1[112] 196[113] March 1933 17,277,180[114] 43. 9[115] 288[115] During Hitlers term as Chancellor of Germany Bruning administration Hitler and NSDAP treasurer Franz Xaver Schwarz at the dedication of the renovation of the Palais Barlow on Brienner Stra? e in Munich into the Brown Househeadquarters, December 1930 Paul von Hindenburg and Adolf Hitler. Hitlers political turning point came wi th the Great Depression in Germany in 1930. The Weimar Republic had difficulty taking root in German society and faced strong challenges from right- and left-wing extremists. The moderate political parties committed to the democratic parliamentary republic were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 had helped to elevate the profile and prominence of Nazi ideology. [116]In elections in September 1930, the moderates lost their majority, leading to the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement by a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Bruning of the Centre Party, governed through emergency decrees from the president of state, Paul von Hindenburg. Tolerated by most parties, governance by decree would become the new norm and paved the way for authoritarian forms of government. [117] The NSDAP rose from relative obscurity to win 18. 3% of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in the German parliament. [118] The increasing political clout of Hitler was felt at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Leutnants Richard Scheringer and Hans Ludin, in the autumn of 1930. Both were charged with membership of the NSDAP, which at that time was illegal for Reichswehr personnel. 119] The prosecution argued that the NSDAP was a dangerous extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify in court. [120] During his testimony on 25 September 1930, Hitler stated that his party was planning to come to power solely through democratic elections and that the NSDAP was a friend of the Reichswehr. [121] Hitlers testimony won him many supporters in the officer corps. [122] Brunings budgetary and financial austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. 123] Hitler exploited this weakness by targeting his political messages specifically to the segments of the population that had been hard hit by the inflation of the 1920s and the unemployment of the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [124] Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, but at the time did not acquire German citizenship. For almost seven years Hitler was stateless, so he was unable to run for public office and even faced the risk of deportation. 125] On 25 February 1932 the interior minister of Brunswick, who was a member of the NSDAP, appointed Hitler as administrator for the states delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick,[126]and thus of Germany as well. [127] In 1932 Hitler ran against the ageing President Paul von Hindenburg in the presidential elections. The viability of his candidacy was underscored by a 27 January 1932 speech to the Industry Club in Dusseldorf, which won him support from a broad swath of Germanys most powerful industrialists. 128] However, Hindenburg had broad support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties and even some social democrats. Hitler used the campaign slogan Hitler uber Deutschland (Hitler over Germany), a reference to both his political ambitions and to his campaigning by aircraft. [129] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35% of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a credible force in German politics. [130] In September 1931 Hitlers niece, Geli Raubal, committed suicide with Hitlers gun in his Munich apartment. Geli was believed to be in a romantic relationship with Hitler, and it is believed that her death was a source of deep, lasting pain for him. [131] Appointment as Chancellor Because of the difficulties of forming a stable and effective government, two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg, as well as a number of industrialists and businessmen, including Hjalmar Schacht and Fritz Thyssen, wrote to Hindenburg, urging him to appoint Hitler as leader of a government independent from parliamentary parties which could turn into a movement that would enrapture millions of people. [132][133] Hitler, at the window of the Reich Chancellery, receives an ovation on the evening of his inauguration as Chancellor, 30 January 1933 After two parliament elections- in July and November 1932- had failed to result in a majority government, President Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler chancellor of a coalition government formed by the NSDAP and Hugenbergs party, the Ge rman National Peoples Party (DNVP). As a concession to the NSDAP, Hermann Goring, who was head of the Prussian police at the time, was named minister without portfolio. So although von Papen intended to install Hitler merely as a figurehead, the NSDAP gained key political positions. On 30 January 1933, Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor during a brief and simple ceremony in Hindenburgs office. Hitlers first speech as Chancellortook place on 10 February. The Nazis seizure of power subsequently became known as the Machtergreifung or Machtubernahme. Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by his political opponents to uild a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, Hitler asked President Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag again, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire,[134] and since Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch independent communist, was found in the burning building, a communist plot was blamed for the fire. The central government responded with the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, which suspended basic rights, incl uding habeas corpus. Activities of theGerman Communist Party were suppressed, and communist party members were arrested, forced to flee, or murdered. [citation needed] Besides political campaigning, the NSDAP used paramilitary violence and spread of anti-communist propaganda on the days preceding the election. On election day, 6 March 1933, the NSDAP increased its result to 43. 9% of the vote, gaining the largest number of seats in parliament. However, Hitlers party failed to secure an absolute majority, thus again necessitating a coalition with the DNVP. [135] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony held at Potsdams garrison church. This Day of Potsdam was staged to demonstrate reconciliation and unity between the revolutionary Nazi movement and Old Prussia with its elites and perceived virtues. Hitler appeared in a tail coat and humbly greeted the aged President Hindenburg. [136] In the Nazis quest for full political control- they had failed to gain an absolute majority in the prior parliamentary election- Hitlers government brought the Ermachtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag. The legislation gave Hitlers cabinet full legislative powers for a period of four years. Although such a bill was not unprecedented, this act was different since it allowed for deviations from the constitution. [136] Since the bill required a ? majority to pass, the government needed the support of other parties. The position of the Centre Party, the third largest party in theReichstag, turned out to be decisive: under the leadership of Ludwig Kaas, the party decided to vote for the Enabling Act. It did so in return for the governments oral guarantees of the Catholic Churchs liberty, the concordats signed by German states, and the continued existence of the Centre Party. [137] On 23 March, the Reichstag assembled in a replacement building under turbulent circumstances. Several SA men served as guards inside, while large groups outside the building shouted slogans and threats toward the arriving members of parliament. Kaas announced that the Centre Party would support the bill with concerns put aside, while Social Democrat Otto Wels denounced the act in his speech. 138] At the end of the day, all parties except the Social Democrats voted in favour of the bill- the Communists, as well as several Social Democrats, were barred from attending the vote. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitlers government into a de facto dictatorship. Removal of remaining limits At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist moveme nt will go on for 1,000 years! Dont forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934[139] Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his political allies embarked on systematic suppression of the remaining political opposition. After the dissolution of the Communist Party, the Social Democratic Party was also banned and all its assets seized. The Steel Helmets were placed under Hitlers leadership with some autonomy as an auxiliary police force. [citation needed] On 1 May, demonstrations were held, and Sturmabteilung (SA) stormtroopers demolished trade union offices. On 2 May 1933 all trade unions in the country were forced to dissolve. A new union organisation was formed, representing all workers, administrators, and company owners together as one group. This new trade union reflected the concept of national socialism in the spirit of Hitlers Volksgemeinschaft (community of all German people). [140] In 1934, Hitler became Germanys president under the title of Fuhrer und Reichskanzler(Leader and Chancellor of the Reich) On 14 July 1933, Hitlers Nazi Party was declared the only legal party in Germany. 140] Hitler used the SA to pressure Hugenberg into resigning, and proceeded to politically isolate Vice-Chancellor von Papen. [citation needed] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused much anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. Hitler was prompted to purge the entire SA leadership, including Ernst Rohm, and other political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasserand former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher). Th ese actions took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934, in what became known as the Night of the Long Knives. 141] While some Germans were shocked by the killing, many others saw Hitler as the one who restored order to the country. [142] On 2 August 1934, President von Hindenburg died. In contravention to the Weimar Constitution, which called for presidential elections, and in spite of a law passed the previous day in anticipation of Hindenburgs imminent death, Hitlers cabinet declared the presidency vacant and transferred the powers of the head of state to Hitler asFuhrer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor). This removed the last legal remedy by which Hitler could be dismissed, and nearly all institutional checks and balances on his power. Hitlers move also violated the Enabling Act, which had barred tampering with the office of the presidency. On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by a plebiscite with support of 84. 6% of the electorate. [143][144] As head of state, Hitler now became Supreme Commander of the armed forces. The traditional loyalty oath of soldiers and sailors was altered to affirm loyalty directly to Hitler rather than to the office of commander-in-chief. 145] In early 1938, Hitler brought the armed forces under his direct control by forcing the resignation of his War Minister (formerly Defence Minister), Werner von Blombergon evidence that Blombergs new wife had a police record for prostitution. [146] Hitler also removed army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch after the SSprovided false allegations he had taken part in a homosexual relationship, which had led to blackmail. [147] The episode became known as the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair. Hitler replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces, or OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel. By early February 1938, twelve generals (apart from Blomberg and Fritsch) were also removed. [148] Third Reich Main article: Nazi Germany Having consolidated his political powers, Hitler suppressed or eliminated his opposition by a process termed Gleichschaltung (bringing into line). He attempted to gain additional public support by vowing to reverse the effects of the Depression and the Versailles treaty. Economy and culture Increased economic activities were enabled largely by refinancing long-term debts into cheaper short-term debts and expansion of the military. [citation needed] For example, Hitlers reconstruction and rearmament were financed with currency manipulations by Hjalmar Schacht, including credits through the Mefo bills. Totenehrung (honouring of dead): Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler, and SA leader Viktor Lutze on the terrace in front of the Ehrenhalle (Hall of Honour); in the background: the crescent-shaped Ehrentribune (tribune of honour). September 1934, Nazi party rally grounds,Nuremberg Nazi policies strongly encouraged women to bear children and stay at home. In a September 1934 speech to the NS-Frauenschaft (National Socialist Womens League), Hitler argued that for the German woman, her world is her husband, her family, her children, and her home. [149][150] The Cross of Honor of the German Mother was bestowed on women bearing four or more children. The unemployment rate fell substantially, mostly through arms production, restrictions of labour unions, and women leaving the workforce. citation needed] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns, railroads, and other civil works. However, these programmes lowered the overall standard of living of workers who earlier had been unaffected by the chronic unemployment of the later Weimar Republic; wages were slightly reduced in pre–World War II years, while the cost of li ving was increased by 25%. [151]. From 1933 to 1934 wages suffered a 5% cut. [152] Hitlers government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer, instrumental in implementing Hitlers classicist reinterpretation of German culture, became the first architect of the Reich. In 1936 Hitler opened the summer Olympic games in Berlin. Hitler made some contributions to the design of the Volkswagen Beetle and charged Ferdinand Porsche with its design and construction. [153] On 20 April 1939 a lavish celebration was held for Hitlers 50th birthday, featuring military parades, visits from foreign dignitaries, Nazi banners, and thousands of flaming torches. 154] Historians such as David Schoenbaum and Henry Ashby Turner argue that Hitlers social and economic policies were modernisation that had anti-modern goals. [155]Others, including Rainer Zitelmann, have contended that Hitler had the deliberate strategy of pursuing a revolutionary modernisation of German society. [156] Rearmament and new alliances Main articles: Axis powers, Tripartite Pact, and German re-armament In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 193 3, Hitler spoke of conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. 157] In March 1933 State Secretary at the Auswartiges Amt (Foreign Office) Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bulow issued a major statement of German foreign policy aims. The statement advocated Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germanys national borders of 1914, rejection of Part V of the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bulows goals to be too modest. 158] In his peace speeches of the mid-1930s, Hitler stressed the peaceful goals of his policies and willingness to work within international agreements. [159] At the first meeting of his Cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [160] In October 1933 Hitler withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference, and his Foreign Minister Bar onKonstantin von Neurath stated that the French demand for securite was a principal stumbling block. [161] On 25 October 1936 an Axis was declared between Italy and Germany In March 1935 Hitler rejected Part V of the Versailles treaty by announcing an expansion of the German army to 600,000 members (six times the number stipulated in the Treaty of Versailles), including development of an Air Force (Luftwaffe) and increasing the size of the Navy (Kriegsmarine). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these plans. [162] On 18 June 1935 the Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) was signed, allowing German tonnage to increase to 35% of that of the British avy. Hitler called the signing of the AGNA the happiest day of his life as he believed the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf. [163] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and putting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [164] On 13 September 1935 Hitler ordered Dr. Bernhard Losener and Fr anz Albrecht Medicus of the Interior Ministry to start drafting antisemitic laws for Hitler to bring to the floor of the Reichstag. 165] On 15 September, Hitler presented two laws- known as the Nuremberg Laws- before the Reichstag. The laws banned marriage between non-Jewish and Jewish Germans, and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. The laws deprived so-called non-Aryans of the benefits of German citizenship. [165] Hitler with Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Heinrich Himmler, andReinhard Heydrich in Vienna, 1938 In March 1936 Hitler reoccupied the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland, in violation the Versailles treaty. Hitler sent troops to Spain to support General Franco after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [166] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler issued a memorandum orderingHermann Goring to carry out a Four Year Plan to have Germany ready for war within the next four years. 167] The Four-Year Plan Memorandum laid out an imminent all-out struggle between Judeo-Bolshevism and German National Socialism, which in Hitlers view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [168] On 25 October 1936 Count Galeazzo Ciano, foreign minister of Benito Mussolinis government, declared an axis between Germany and Italy, and on 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan. Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. By late 1937 Hitler had abandoned his dream of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming inadequate British leadership. [169] On 5 November 1937 Hitler held a secret meeting at the Reich Chancellery with his war and foreign ministers and military chiefs. As recorded in the Hossbach Memorandum, Hitler stated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum (living space) for the German people, and ordered preparations for war in the east, which would commence no later than 1943. Hitler stated that the conference minutes were to be regarded as his political testament in the event of his death. 170] Hitler said that the crisis of the German economy had reached a point that a severe decline in living standards in Germany could only be stopped by a policy of military aggression- seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia. [171][172] Hitler urged quick action, before Britain and France obtained a permanent lead in the arms race. [171] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus and the abolition of the War Ministry and its replacement by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW). He dismissed Neurath as Foreign Minister on 4 February 1938, and assumed the role and title of theOberster Befehlshaber der Wehrmacht (supreme commander of the armed forces). [167] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy that had war as its ultimate aim. [173] The Holocaust The Holocaust Part of: Jewish history Responsibility[show] Early policies[show] Victims[show] Ghettos[show] Atrocities[show] Camps[show] Resistance[show]

Truck Driver Training Take No Shortcuts!

Truck Driver Training Take No Shortcuts! The greatest threat to the trucking industry today isn’t automation or poorly maintained roads- it’s the devaluing of quality driver training by trucking companies. Smart-Tucking.com highlights this disturbing trend, and what can be done to reverse it. It’s a sad truth- some trucking companies would rather spend their money on the latest technological bells and whistles to avoid expensive accidents than invest in qualified, well-trained drivers. Sure, crash warning alert systems, anti-rollover systems, and speed limiting and monitoring technologies are great steps toward an accident-free highway, but it shouldn’t come at the expense of forgetting the fundamentals- great drivers.Truckers are more than just â€Å"warm bodies† behind the wheel- they are skilled professionals that are tasked with making key decisions on the road, ensuring that precious cargo arrives on time and in tact. Many smaller companies are more apt to recognize the value of drive r training, which might be why their accident rates are often far lower than the big companies!Bottom line: Poorly trained drivers are a bad investment. Sure, it may be a quick way for companies to divert their cash into other areas, but anything that puts the safety of truckers- and their fellow drivers on the road- at risk is a bad idea. Proper training will help save lives and make the roads safer for everyone. What’s more important and valuable than that?

Brown University and its Ties to Slavery Research Paper

Brown University and its Ties to Slavery - Research Paper Example This occurred during a time when slavery was considered a normal part of the socio-economic life in New England and Rhode Island, and slaves formed a sizeable population within the states. When Brown University was established, Rhode Island was the main center in trans-Atlantic human trafficking where over a period of 100 years almost 100,000 Africans were forced into slavery. From the Brown report which showed Brown University to have profited from funds that originated from slave trade, it can be assumed that other institutions (which were established around the same era) may have the same past as Brown University. Outline 1. Abstract: Gives a brief summary of the entire paper 2. Introduction: introduces the topic to the reader, giving a brief glimpse of how funds from slave trade and slave related businesses helped to establish American institutions of higher education 3. Background study on American slavery: this segment gives an overview on the slave trade and US slavery that wa s widely prevalent during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. 4. Slavery in New England and Rhode Island: gives a brief review of the slavery in the northern US (New England and Rhode Island) at the time Brown University was established. It helps one understand the socio-economic conditions (as regards slavery) that prevailed in the region when Brown University was established. 5. The Brown University and its link with slavery: this shows how the Brown family was directly involved in slave trading and how money from slave related businesses from other donors went into establishing the University, thus forging a link that tied the University’s past with slavery. 1 Literature review 1.1 Introduction In a report published by the Brown University in October 2006, there were evidences that showed financial proceedings from slave trade went to establishing the university, while slave labor was used for building the college campus (Johnson, 2006). Historical data suggests that beside s Brown University, a majority of the US’s famous academic institutions for higher studies starting from Harvard University to College of William and Mary were built by slave economy and labor (Wilder, 2010). Reports show that Harvard Law School was established with the help of funds that came in from selling slaves to the Caribbean sugar plantations in the Caribbean (Puryear, 2006). The library of the Yale University was founded from donations made by slave owners and traders, while the University of Virginia was designed and funded by Thomas Jefferson (a slave owner), and slave labor was used to build the University complex (Puryear, 2006). In fact, the economy that was derived from slave trade helped to shape the financial future of many American higher educational institutions while influencing politics of institution affected educational culture and curricula within the then new American republic (Wilder, 2010). Commercial trade in slavery (also known as the